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貓人教版教案篇1
主備:凌紅棋 審核:劉平 -10-16
section Ⅰ warming up, listening, speaking
1. the slave traders 買賣奴隸的人
1) a street trader 走街商人
2) the company is an international trader in grain. 國際貿(mào)易公司
2. dream up 想入非非,憑空想象,虛構(gòu)出
1) she can always dream up some new reasons for not doing anything unpleasant.
編出新理由來逃避做討厭的事
3. why is this activity successful, while the english corner is not?
1) ( a ) she thought i was talking about her daughter, ______, in fact, i was talking about my daughter.
a. whom b. where c. which d. while
2) ( c ) jack is a bright and diligent boy ______ his brother tom is just the opposite.
a. when b. as c. while d. however
section Ⅱreading (ⅠⅡ)
1. fast reading
1) ( b ) how much money was saved by della before the christmas day?
a. $ 8. b.$ 1.87. c.$ 2. d.$ 8.7.
2) ( c ) how much did della get for selling her hair?
a. $ 12. b. $ 18. c. $ 20. d. $ 22.
3) ( c ) the word in the fourth paragraph “hesitated” is closest in meaning to ______.
a. imagined b. dreamed c. felt uncertain d. watched
4) ( d ) which of the following is not true?
a. the day before christmas della was worried because she had only saved $1.87 for jim’s christmas present.
b. the young couple lived a hard life but they loved each other deeply.
c. a love story between a young and poor couple.
d. money is love.
5)( d ) from the sentence, “she stood by the window and looked out at a grey cat walking along a
grey fence in a grey backyard.” we can infer that della was very ______.
a. angry b. calm c. happy d. sad
6) ( b ) what was jim’s reaction when he saw della’s short hair?
a. he was surprised. b. he simply stared at della with strange expressions.
c. he had no reactions. d. he was glad to see it.
2. careful reading
1) why was della cry after counting the money she had been saving?
because with one dollar and eighty-seven cents, she couldn’t buy a fine and rare gift for jim.
2) why did tears fall from her eyes while della was standing in front of the mirror?
she decided to cut off her hair and sold it to get money.
3) what did della look like after cutting off and doing her hair?
her head was covered with tiny curls that made her look like a little school girl.
4) how did della expect jim react when he saw her?
della thinks he will either be very angry or disappointed and not love her any more.
5) why did della burst into tears when she opened the package?
she cries because she is reminded of her beautiful hair, and the combs which she so much wanted are now of no use to her.
6) explain the title of this short story. what does it mean?
the title means that both della and jim give up their most precious possession for the love of each other.
3. discussion
people say in today’s world, only money is the most important in everything. love is something that can’t separate from money. there is no true and pure love in the world. do you agree? give your reasons.
section Ⅲ language points (Ⅰ)
1. outcome: 結(jié)果,效果,通常作單數(shù)
1) what was the outcome of your investigation? 結(jié)果
2) her best qualities come out in danger. 顯露
3) she came out first in the examination. 在(考試,測(cè)驗(yàn))中得名次
4) ( b ) that magazine ______ once a week.
a. is come out b. comes out c. is publishing d. publishes
5) ( a ) the truth has ______ at last.
a. come out b. come about c. come across d. come in
2. in pennies 一個(gè)便士一個(gè)便士地
1) 分為三部分的一本小說 a novel in three parts
2) 打著褶兒的窗簾 curtains in folds 3) 成排坐著 sit in rows
4) tourists queue in thousands (數(shù)以千計(jì)排著隊(duì)) to see the tomb.
3. at the butcher’s 在肉店里
1) we are dining at the smith’s (home) tonight. 在史密斯家
2) 在理發(fā)店 at the hairdresser’s (shop) 3) 在醫(yī)生的診所 at the doctor’s (clinic)
4) 去牙醫(yī)診所 go to the dentist’s
4. a card bearing the name 卡片上寫有名字,bear, bore, born
1)一塊刻有16字樣的墓碑 a tombstone bearing the date 1602
2) 這份文件有他的簽字 the document bore his signature.
5. attend to sb/sth 照顧,關(guān)照,料理,注意聽,辦理,處理
1) attend sb/sth 伴隨,處理,陪伴 2) attend church 做禮拜
3) attend school 上學(xué) 4) attend on (wait on) 侍候,照顧
4) are you being attended to ? 有人接待你嗎?
5) could you attend to the matter immediately?
6) i will stay home, attending on my sick father.
7) the king was attended on by several servants.
8) you should attend carefully to these pieces of advice.
9) he is away attending to his personal affairs.
10) this is the matter to attend to at once.
11) ( b ) the nurse ______ five patients in the hospital.
a. attends to b. attends c. attends on d. attends in
12) ( a ) we’ll ______ your proposal carefully.
a. attend to b. attend on c. attend for d. attend
6. she had only $1.87 to buy jim a present. ( with which she could buy jim a present)
1) 他必須有冷靜下來的時(shí)間。
she must have time in which to grow calm. (in which she can grow calm)
2) 她銀行里有些錢用來幫助她的母親。
she had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.
(with which she could help her mother)
3) 他只有茫茫長夜可用來學(xué)習(xí)。
he only had long nights in which to study. (in which he could study)
7. many happy hours had she spent, planning for something nice for him. 倒裝句
= she had spent many happy hours planning something nice for him.
1) 宴會(huì)后,花園里燃放了煙火(firework display)。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語)
after the banquet, came a firework display in the garden.
2) 名單上還可以加上這些名字。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)
to the list may be added the following names.
3) 坐在地下的是一些年輕人。 (強(qiáng)調(diào)表語)
seated on the ground are a group of young people.
4) 站在總統(tǒng)后面的是一位年輕的翻譯。
standing behind the president was a young interpreter.
8. by worth of 配得上…的,應(yīng)受…的,值得…的,足以…的
1) 配稱世界冠軍的勝利者 a winner worthy of being called a world champion
2) her achievements are worthy of (值得) the highest praises
3) be worthy of + (不表示錢數(shù)), 而be worth + (表示錢數(shù))
4) be worth of being done = be worth to be done = be worth doing
5) ( a ) it is said that the film is ______ seeing.
a. very worth b. quite worthy of c. well worth d. rather worthy of
6) ( d ) - is that book worth ______? - yes, and it is worthy ______ twice.
a. reading, being read b. to read, to be read
c. of being read, reading d. reading, of being read
7) ( d ) keep the book carefully, it ______ a lot of money.
a. took b. paid c. is worthy of d. is worth
9. take pride in 以…為自豪,認(rèn)真做好某事物(因?qū)ψ约汉苤匾?
1) 她為自己孩子取得成功感到無比驕傲。
she takes great pride in her children’s success.
2) 你應(yīng)該多注意一點(diǎn)儀表。
you should take more pride in your appearance.
3) ( d ) if you don’t take professional pride ____ your work, you are probably ____ the wrong job.
a. of, in b. on, of c. in, on d. in, in
4) ( ) he is ______ his daughter’s ability to speak four languages.
a. proud b. proud for c. proud that d. proud of
10. do up 固定,扣上,綁緊,化妝,梳理,包裹,重新裝飾(房子等)
1) this skirt does up at the back. 系,扣
2) he never does his jacket up. 拉上
3) she was carrying some books done up in brown paper. 包??
4) we are having our kitchen done up. 裝飾
5) ( a ) would you please do ______ the room first?
a. up b. for c. by d. on
6) ( a ) suzie was ______ in her new skirt and blouse.
a. done up b. done wrong c. done good d. done with
11. she finally stopped at a sign that read: “madam sofronie” 寫著,有…字樣
1) the road sign reads (says) “keep left”. 寫??
2) the law says this is illegal. 寫明
3) ( b ) he threw his cigarette into the dustbin at a sign that ______ “no smoking”.
a. is read b. read c. was read d. reads
4) ( d ) when i got back home i saw a message pinned to the door, ______ “sorry to miss you, i will call later”.
a. read b. reads c. to read d. reading
section Ⅳ language points (Ⅱ)
1. be burdened with 被加上…負(fù)擔(dān), n. 擔(dān)子,負(fù)擔(dān)
1) the refugees were burdened with (帶著) all their possessions.
2) 我不想讓我的問題給你增加負(fù)擔(dān)。
i don’t want to burden you with my problems.
3) the small company is heavily burdened with taxation. (為重稅所累)
4) ( b ) they don’t want to add to the government’s ______.
a. bureau b. burden c. burn d. burst
5) ( b ) i don’t like ______ someone else’s problems.
a. burdening with b. being burdened with c. to burden with d. to burden
2. his eyes were fixed upon della. 凝視
1) 目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看,凝視 fix one’s eyes on/upon
2) 全神貫注于 fix one’s attention (thoughts) on/upon
3) ( c ) turing around, he found her eyes ______ upon him with a eager expression.
a. fixing b. to fix c. fixed d. was fixing
3. there was an expression in them that she could not read. 覺察
1) 了解英某人的想法 read one’s mind/thoughts
2) it’s hard to read her mood. 察覺
3) i could read that he was angry from his face. 看出來
4) we read his silence as agreement. 把…當(dāng)成
4. i couldn’t have lived through christmas without giving you a present.
without giving you a present = (if i hadn’t given you a present)
1) 如果沒有他們的幫助,事情不可能進(jìn)展這么順利。
things couldn’t have gone so well without their help. (if it hadn’t been for / but for their help)
2) ( a ) without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ___ - too cold for us to live.
a. would be freezing cold b. will be freezing coldly
c. would be frozen coldly d. can freeze coldly
3) ( d ) without air or water, man ______ not live.
a. shall b. is c. does d. would
5. make no mistakes about 別誤會(huì),別誤解,別懷疑
1) susan seems graceful, but makes no mistake about it, she had a terrible temper. 別看錯(cuò)了
2) if you don’t improve your behavior, you’ll be punished, make no mistake about it. 別心存僥幸
6. bread out in sth 突然布滿,突然流露出強(qiáng)烈的感情
1) he broke out in a cold sweat. 他出了一身冷汗。
2) she broke out in a range. 她勃然大怒
3) the young man broke out in laughter ( broke into laughter, break out laughing ). 突然大笑
7. at length 最后,終于,很詳盡地,徹底地
1) at length, the bus arrived, forty minutes late. 終于
2) the driver reported the accident to the police at length. 詳細(xì)地
3) ( a ) we’ve already discussed the subject ______ great length.
a. at b. in c. on d. to
4) ( d ) ______ they came to understand it.
a. at a length b. in a length c. in length d. at length
8. as if reflecting her bright spirit = as if it was reflecting her bright spirit
1) she hurried out of the room, as if angry. (as if she was angry.) 好象很生氣。
2) some flowers shut up at night as if to sleep. (as if they are to sleep.) 仿佛要睡眠一樣。
3) ( a ) the wounded soldier woke up as if ______.
a. to say sth b. say sth c. says sth d. saying sth
4) ( b ) the weather doesn’t look ______ clearing up.
a. to see b. as if c. as d. like
section Ⅴ practice
i. words and expressions
1. 處理;照顧;關(guān)照 ____________________ 2.對(duì)……感到自豪 ____________________
3. 打扮;梳妝 __________________________ 4. 不支持;使失望 ___________________
5. 最后;終于;詳細(xì)地 __________________ 6. 一次 _____________________________
7.(人)大有前途;成功 _________________ 8. 形成 _____________________________
9. 贊成,批準(zhǔn) __________________________ 10. 被控訴,被指責(zé) __________________
11. 使獲得自由;釋放 ___________________ 12. 涉及;談到 ______________________
13. 轉(zhuǎn)向,變成;求助于 _________________ 14. 與某人討價(jià)還價(jià) __________________
15. 變得習(xí)慣于 _________________________ 16. 片刻;暫時(shí) ______________________
17. 度過;經(jīng)受住 _______________________ 18. 突然大哭起來 ____________________
19. 切掉;割掉;剪下____________________ 20. 撕,扯……用力撕 ________________
21. 把。。。翻遍 _________________________ 22. 有家具的套間 ____________________
23. 把眼睛固定在 _______________________ 24.剪頭發(fā) ___________________________
25. 盯著,凝視 _________________________ 26. 值得,___________________________
attend to, take pride in, do up, let down, at length, at a time, go far, come into being, approve of,
be accused of, set free, refer to, turn to, bargain with, get accustomed to, for a moment, live through,
burst into tears, cut off, tear at, turn sth. inside out, a furnished flat, fix one’s eyes upon, have a haircut,
stare at, be worthy of,
ii. write the proper words according to the explanations or …
1. we are anxiously awaiting the o__________ of their discussion.
2. there is nothing to worry about. i’ll f_________ you with all you need.
3. the guests at the wedding banquet are supposed to wear official g____________.
4. i’m afraid your parents won’t a_____________ of your marrying such a poor man.
5. the coach showed his a______________ with a big smile. obviously, he could not agree with me more.
6. though the chance to win is slim, a_____________, i would like to have a try.
7. the news that saddam was caught alive was f__________ around the world at an amazing speed.
8. the question is too much for so young a boy. can you s_____________ it a little?
9. the family had great financial problems. that was why they rented a s____________ flat.
10. at a b____________ you can purchase all kinds of meat.
11. waste material esp. from family g______________
12. not often happening or seen, unusual, r______________
13. damaged by use or wear w______________
14. a m____________ is a female servant.
15. in former times parts of india were ruled by _____________ (君主,王子)
16. tom doesn’t want to know the o_____________ of the exam, because he didn’t perform well.
17. you’d better __________ _________ (照顧) that thin girl, she is going to faint.
18. he hang out in a ____________ (破舊的) house .
19. as a chinese, we must _________ __________ _________ (自豪) our country.
20. she made a big s_____________ when she saw a snake.
21. she is at her morning _____________ (祈禱).
22. the little girl gave her mother a big ____________ (擁抱).
23. try to ________________ (簡(jiǎn)化) your explanation for the children.
outcome, furnish, garments, approve, approval, anyhow, flashed, simplify, shabby, bakery, garbage,
rare, worn, maid, prince, outcome, attend to, shabby, take pride in, prayer, scream,
hug, simplify
Ⅲ 單項(xiàng)選擇
1. the early train is _________ to leave at five in the morning.
a. possibly b. may c. probably d. due
2. though the mobile phone is quite small, its _______ is very clear.
a. signal b. mark c. sign d. marks
3. she didn’t explain to me why she had done that _________.
a. for this day b. at that times c. recently d. up to then
4. jack failed in the exam, ________ made his parents angry.
a. as b. and which c. and it d. it
5. _________ enters the garden will be fined. that is to say, we will fine _______.
a. no matter who; whoever b. whoever; no matter who
c. whoever; anyone d. any one; no matter who
6. peace-loving people don’t want ________ another war in iraq.
a. there couldn’t be b. there be
c. there being d. there to be
7. ______ who wish to go swimming may sign up here.
a. any person b. those c. anyone d. these
8. ___________, jane decided to stay inside.
a. feeling ill b. to feel ill c. to be ill d. feeling being ill
9. the president make a speech _______ he expressed his satisfaction.
a. which b. when c. in which d. in that
10. i don’t know what to ______ at the university. i can’t make any forecasts about my future.
a. take in b. take up c. take over d. take after
11. _______, i would have given his address.
a. if you asked me b. you had asked me
c. should you have asked me d. had you asked me
12. ---- ____________ is the best player in your team?
----jerry.
a. do you think who b. do you think whom
c. who do you think d. whom do you think
13. it was a pity that arafat died ________ his task incomplete.
a. for b. with c. from d. of
14. it is ________ work of art that the museum has decided to buy and keep it.
a. such an unusual b. a so unusual
c. such unusual d. so unusual
15. this kind of cloth is not good, but that kind is ________ better.
a. rather b. hardly c. less d. even
dadcc dbacb dcbab
Ⅳ 閱讀理解(全國卷)
a
a study of english learning problems was carried out among a total of 106 foreign students. it shows that most students considered understanding spoken english to be their biggest problem on arrival. this was followed by speaking. writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in. reading remained as a significant(顯著的) problem.
the information gained helped us in determining where special attention should be paid in our course. although many students have chosen to join the course with a reasonable motivation(動(dòng)機(jī)), we considered it important to note what seemed to encourage interest. nearly all the students have experienced some kind of grammar-based english teaching in their own country. to use the same method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation, especially if it has failed in the past. therefore a different method may help because it is different.
variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintaining(保持) or increasing motivation. several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout, but we soon found that both the students and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks. this led us to a major re-think, so finally we brought it into line with the expressed language needs of the students.
1. what is the text mainly about?
a. foreign students have more problems. b. there are many ways to improve english.
c. teaching should meet students’ needs. d. english learning problems should be studied again.
2. writing became a bigger problem when foreign students________.
a. had to write their papers b. became better at speaking
c. became less interested in reading d. had fewer problems with listening
3. we may infer from the last two paragraphs that ________.
a. different teaching methods should be used
b. grammar-based teaching seems to be encouraging
c. english courses are necessary for foreign students
d. teaching content should be changed halfway.
b
since my retirement(退休) from teaching music in , i have spent a good deal of time painting as an artist. i actually began drawing again in the summer of 1995 when my father died, so perhaps i was trying to recover from the loss of my father, or maybe it was just that it brought back memories of him. in any case, i drew pen and ink animals and landscapes(風(fēng)景畫) much influenced(影響) by krenkel and st. john for five years.
for some strange reason, i had been waiting until my retirement to start doing watercolors again, but as soon as i walked out of the school door for the last time i picked up my brushes and rediscovered andrew wyeth, who quickly became my favorite artist. i had looked through all the art books i had on my shelves and found his watercolors to be the closest to how i thought good watercolors should look. so i painted landscapes around minnesota for three years and tried out many other types of painting. however, watercolors remained my first choice, and i think i did my best work there, showing my paintings at a number of art exhibitions.
art is now together with my piano playing and reading. there is a time for everything in my world, and it is wonderful to have some time doing what i want to do. as confucious once said, “at seventy i can follow my heart’s desire.”
4. what is the text mainly about?
a. learning to paint in later life. b. how to paint watercolors
c. an artist-turned teacher d. life after retirement
5. the author started drawing again in 1995 because_________.
a. he hoped to draw a picture of his father b. he couldn’t stop missing his father
c. he had more time after retirement d. he liked animals and landscapes
6. we can infer from the text that the author__________.
a. had been taught by krenkel and st. john
b. painted landscapes in minnesota for 5 years
c. believed wyeth to be the best in watercolors
d. started his retirement life at the age of seventy
7. how does the author probably feel about his life as an artist?
a. very enjoyable. b. a bit regretful c. rather busy. d. fairly dull.
c
phillip island penguins(企鵝)
the little penguin has called phillip island home for untold generations. get to phillip island in plenty of time to watch s summer sunset at summerland beach – the stage is attractively set to see the little penguin leave water and step onto land.
leave melbourne at 5:30 pm for a direct journey to phillip island.
see the gippsland area – guinness book of records place for the world’s longest earthworm(蚯蚓)
journey along the coastal highway around the bay with french island and churchill island in the distance
cross the bridge at san remo to enter phillip island – natural home for little penguins and many animals
take your place in special viewing stands(看臺(tái)) to watch the daily evening performance of the wild little penguins
ultimate penguins (+u)
join a group of up to 15. this guided tour goes to an attractive, quiet beach to see little penguins. you can see penguins at night by wearing a special pair of glasses.
adult(成人) $60.00 child $30.00
viewing platform penguin plus (+v)
more personalized wildlife viewing limited to 130 people providing closer viewing of the penguin arrival than the main viewing stands.
adult $25.00 child $12.50
penguin skybox (+s)
join a group of only 5 in the comfort of a special, higher-up viewing tower. gain an excellent overview of summerland beach.
adult 16yrs
8. what kind of people is the text mainly written for?
a. scientists. b. students c. tourists. d. artists.
9. we can learn from the text that little penguins__________.
a. have been on phillip island for years b. keep a guinness record for their size
c. are trained to practice diving for visitors d. live in large groups to protect themselves
10. how much would a couple with one child pay for a closer viewing tour?
a. $37.50. b. $62.50. c. $180.00. d. $150.00.
c aaddb, cacab,
貓人教版教案篇2
教學(xué)目標(biāo) :
1、了解《史記》的有關(guān)知識(shí)
2、掌握本課出現(xiàn)的文言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
3、了解作者對(duì)項(xiàng)羽悲劇性格的揭示,體會(huì)人物的性格特點(diǎn)在其人生中所起的重要作用。
教學(xué)重難點(diǎn) :
1、掌握本課中出現(xiàn)的文言知識(shí)是本課重點(diǎn)。
2、對(duì)比分析項(xiàng)羽、劉邦性格是本課的難點(diǎn)。
教學(xué)方法 :
誦讀法、分析法。
課時(shí)安排:三課時(shí)
教學(xué)步驟
第一課時(shí)
一、了解《史記》及作者。(2分鐘)
讓學(xué)生結(jié)合預(yù)習(xí),自由發(fā)言。
?史記》全書一百三十篇,包括十二本紀(jì)、三十世家、七十列傳、十表、八書共五十二萬六千五百字,敘述了上起黃帝,下到漢武帝太初四年約3000年的歷史;是我國二十四史中的第一部紀(jì)傳體通史?!妒酚洝肥亲鳛檎返亩氖分械牡谝徊浚炯o(jì):敘述歷代帝王的歷史;世家:敘述貴族王侯的歷史;列傳:歷代諸侯之外名官名人的事跡;表:各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的簡(jiǎn)單大事記;書:記載典章制度,天文地理。人物塑造形象鮮明,文筆簡(jiǎn)練樸素。其中也有許多思想性和藝術(shù)性高度結(jié)合的作品。
魯迅贊譽(yù)它為“史家之絕唱,無韻之離騷”,意即它既是史學(xué)巨著,又是文學(xué)巨著。
司馬遷(約前145-前80或前135-前93)字子長,西漢夏陽(今陜西韓城南)人思想家、史學(xué)家、文學(xué)家元封三年任太史令,后因替李陵辯解,得罪下獄,受腐刑。出獄后任中書令,發(fā)憤繼續(xù)完成所著史籍。人稱其書為《太史公書》,后稱《史記》,對(duì)后代史學(xué)有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。對(duì)許多歷史人物的敘述,語言生動(dòng),形象鮮明。也是優(yōu)秀的傳記文學(xué)作品。
二、分析課文。
讓學(xué)生齊讀第一段,在預(yù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)上,讓學(xué)生自行梳理文言詞語,教師作重點(diǎn)點(diǎn)評(píng)。
插入背景介紹:
秦始皇創(chuàng)建的我國歷史上第一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的封建集權(quán)國家——秦朝,由于對(duì)農(nóng)民實(shí)行殘酷的經(jīng)濟(jì)剝削和政治壓迫,致使“天下苦秦久矣”,民心思變。在公元前209年七月爆發(fā)了陳勝、吳廣領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的我國歷史上第一次農(nóng)民大起義。戰(zhàn)旗一舉,應(yīng)者云集,反秦怒濤遍及中原。在農(nóng)民起義的高潮中,劉邦和項(xiàng)羽,也于同年九月起兵江東,卷入農(nóng)民起義的洪流。當(dāng)時(shí)劉邦48歲,項(xiàng)羽24歲。不久,農(nóng)民起義領(lǐng)袖陳勝、吳廣相繼犧牲,“世代楚將”的項(xiàng)梁,為了招納人馬和形成旗號(hào),采納了范增“復(fù)立楚之后”的建議,趁機(jī)擁立老楚懷王的孫子(名心)為“楚懷王”,作為反秦勢(shì)力的傀儡首領(lǐng)。公元前208年九月,楚懷王召集諸將結(jié)成反秦聯(lián)盟,命令主力軍劉邦、項(xiàng)羽兵分南北兩路,合力西擊秦軍,并約定“先人定關(guān)中者王之”。公元前206年十月,劉邦統(tǒng)率南路軍先于項(xiàng)羽人關(guān)破咸陽,但為了“待諸侯至而定約束”,退駐霸上;然而又恐失掉關(guān)中,于是派兵守關(guān),“毋內(nèi)諸侯’’。十一月,項(xiàng)羽率軍西來,聞?dòng)嵳鹋?,屯軍新豐鴻門,揚(yáng)言馬上要同劉邦開戰(zhàn)。
提問:為何兩支反秦勢(shì)力,突然劍拔弩張,廝殺起來?
明確:這有著極為深刻的原因。首先,劉、項(xiàng)各自都有南面稱孤之心。想當(dāng)年,劉邦在咸陽服役時(shí)看見了秦始皇,曾經(jīng)十分羨慕地說過:“嗟乎,大丈夫當(dāng)如此也!”項(xiàng)羽在公元前210年看見秦始皇游會(huì)稽時(shí),也曾頗為自負(fù)地過:“彼可取而代也!”因此,這就決定他們對(duì)農(nóng)民起義的勝利成果必然拼死相爭(zhēng)。其次,項(xiàng)羽是一個(gè)性情激動(dòng)的人,帶有極強(qiáng)的個(gè)人英雄主義作風(fēng)。司馬遷《史記》的《項(xiàng)羽本紀(jì)》中間寫項(xiàng)羽最常用的詞就是大怒。項(xiàng)王大怒,項(xiàng)羽大怒,《史記》中間幾乎沒有寫過項(xiàng)羽笑,項(xiàng)羽是最后笑了一次,在哪兒笑呢?在他烏江自殺之前,他笑了一次,笑完就自殺了。同學(xué)們可以很容易的發(fā)現(xiàn),在課文的第二行就出現(xiàn)了這四個(gè)字“項(xiàng)羽大怒”。
提問:大家體會(huì)一下,這時(shí)項(xiàng)羽發(fā)怒的原因是什么?
明確:項(xiàng)羽激動(dòng)是有原因的。一個(gè)是劉邦派軍隊(duì)把住他不讓他進(jìn),這個(gè)是他大怒的一個(gè)原因;另一個(gè),他聽說劉邦已經(jīng)進(jìn)了關(guān)中了。對(duì)于項(xiàng)羽來說無疑是一種羞辱,因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)的項(xiàng)羽剛剛結(jié)束了歷史上有名的巨鹿之戰(zhàn),破釜沉舟的成語就出自這場(chǎng)名戰(zhàn)。這場(chǎng)決戰(zhàn)他殲滅了秦軍主力三十萬人,項(xiàng)羽的聲威因此而大振。他已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了把自己看做是秦末大起義中的最大功臣,也習(xí)慣了天下諸侯對(duì)他的尊崇。而此時(shí)他萬萬沒有想到劉邦竟然對(duì)他說:不。劉邦現(xiàn)在竟然把住函谷關(guān)不讓項(xiàng)羽進(jìn),這充滿了敵意,就是把項(xiàng)羽當(dāng)做敵人。如果拿劉邦跟天下諸侯一比,一個(gè)是充滿敬畏,一個(gè)是充滿敵意,這個(gè)反差太大了,這個(gè)項(xiàng)羽確實(shí)受不了,這個(gè)對(duì)他的自尊的傷害非常大。另外,項(xiàng)羽進(jìn)了函谷關(guān)一往下來又接到劉邦手下的一個(gè)人的一個(gè)密告,曹無傷給項(xiàng)羽寫了封信,說劉邦想做關(guān)中王,讓子?jì)胱鲐┫?,珍寶要完全占有,這三句話,每一句話都激怒了項(xiàng)羽,結(jié)果項(xiàng)羽大怒。這三句話怎么讓他大怒了:第一,劉邦想做關(guān)中王,這個(gè)我們剛才講過了,項(xiàng)羽是不能允許,也不承認(rèn)劉邦做關(guān)中王的,這是第一點(diǎn)。第二點(diǎn),讓子?jì)?,讓一個(gè)投降的秦朝的皇帝做丞相,這也是項(xiàng)羽絕對(duì)不能允許的,項(xiàng)羽有一種強(qiáng)烈的仇秦心理,項(xiàng)羽的爺爺項(xiàng)燕是楚國最后滅亡的時(shí)候,秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國的時(shí)候,楚國最后一個(gè)戰(zhàn)死的大將,是被秦將殺了。項(xiàng)羽的叔叔項(xiàng)梁是被張邯?dú)⒘???梢哉f項(xiàng)羽他們老項(xiàng)家跟秦朝是有世代血仇的。第三,珍寶盡有之,他把所有的珍寶都占有。這三句話,每一句話都激怒了項(xiàng)羽,所以項(xiàng)羽又大怒,一怒之下,項(xiàng)羽做了一個(gè)決定, “旦日饗士卒,為擊破沛公軍”。
了解了這個(gè)前因后果,我們接下來看對(duì)項(xiàng)羽的這個(gè)決定各方面的態(tài)度。
讓學(xué)生分局梳理第二段文言知識(shí),教師作點(diǎn)撥。
提問:對(duì)于相遇的決定,有幾個(gè)人有了反應(yīng)?
明確:四個(gè),范增、項(xiàng)伯、張良、劉邦
提問:他們的反應(yīng)有什么不同?
明確:第一個(gè)做出反應(yīng)的人是范增,范增立即表示贊同,范增說劉邦這個(gè)人這么克制自己的欲望,說明他的志向不小。另外,劉邦頭上的云氣是一種五彩之云,這個(gè)五彩之云意味著劉邦有天子之氣,他將來有可能做天子,所以范增最后的意見是四個(gè)字“急擊勿失”趕快攻打他,不要失去這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。第二個(gè)做出反應(yīng)的人項(xiàng)伯,項(xiàng)伯這天晚上就鬧了一件事,夜見張良。因?yàn)轫?xiàng)伯跟張良有過一段交往,就是當(dāng)年在秦朝的時(shí)候,項(xiàng)伯曾經(jīng)殺過人,按當(dāng)時(shí)的規(guī)定殺人要償命的,張良救了他,所以項(xiàng)伯要報(bào)恩,他來個(gè)夜見張良,想把張良自己叫走,所以他就見張良了。他見了張良,他就把項(xiàng)羽的計(jì)劃跟他一說,明天大軍一打玉石俱焚,你趕快跟我逃,但是項(xiàng)伯低估了張良。張良當(dāng)時(shí)就看穿了項(xiàng)伯是個(gè)把個(gè)人的“義”放在集團(tuán)根本利益之上的一個(gè)政治糊涂蟲,所以他看出項(xiàng)伯的弱點(diǎn)在這兒,所以張良馬上就利用他的弱點(diǎn),以義喻義。張良說:我并不屬于劉邦手下的人,我是替我的主公韓王來護(hù)送劉邦入關(guān)的,我現(xiàn)在要是逃了,不告訴劉邦一聲,不義氣,你來救我是為了“義”我去救劉邦也是為了“義”,用這個(gè)“義”這一說,項(xiàng)伯啞口無言,只好讓人家張良把這個(gè)重大絕密的軍情告訴了劉邦。所以劉邦是第四個(gè)做出反應(yīng)的人。劉邦第一個(gè)反應(yīng)大驚失色,原因很簡(jiǎn)單,因?yàn)閯钪雷约悍噶艘粋€(gè)錯(cuò)誤,在他的軍事力量沒有強(qiáng)大到跟項(xiàng)羽集團(tuán)能夠平起平坐的時(shí)候,他太急了,把自己的這些野心全部暴露出來了,結(jié)果惹了項(xiàng)羽,非要滅了他不行。不過劉邦在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻說了四個(gè)字,說得太巧妙了,“為之奈何”翻成現(xiàn)代漢語就是說“我怎么來處理這個(gè)事呢?”這是劉邦的一大長處,你看劉邦,行軍打仗不如韓信,治國理財(cái)不如蕭何,運(yùn)籌帷幄不如張良,可以說劉邦不能打仗,不能治國,不能出謀劃策,你說劉邦會(huì)什么?他會(huì)“為之奈何”。他知道在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻他向他的部下去尋求解決難題的方法,所以劉邦叫做用人之人。韓信,蕭何,張良只能叫做可用之人,所以劉邦就高在這兒。于是張良就給他出了主意。享譽(yù)馬上付諸實(shí)施。
提問:從這一段,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)劉邦有什么性格特征?
明確:老謀深算,精明。當(dāng)張良告訴他解決方案的時(shí)候,他馬上明白過來了,于是反過來他連著問了張良兩個(gè)問題,第一個(gè)問題,就是你怎么和項(xiàng)伯有這個(gè)老交情呢?大戰(zhàn)的前夜項(xiàng)伯在敵隊(duì)陣營中間跑過來告訴你,你倆有啥勾結(jié)。張良很從容的回答了,這一問把劉邦對(duì)他的懷疑解除了。跟著劉邦問第二問,你跟項(xiàng)伯你們倆誰大,張良說他比我大。于是劉邦馬上就打算認(rèn)親戚了,可謂轉(zhuǎn)變之快。
提問:劉邦是怎么應(yīng)對(duì)項(xiàng)伯的?
明確:項(xiàng)伯一進(jìn)來,劉邦太會(huì)來事了。先端著酒敬酒,敬完酒就跟人家套近乎,一套近乎,一問人家家里的情況,有沒有孩子,問完以后,馬上跟項(xiàng)伯兩個(gè)人定為兒女親家,這個(gè)兒女親家一拉太有用了。第二天鴻門宴,項(xiàng)莊舞劍,意在沛公,誰保護(hù)了他,起來保護(hù)他的就是他那個(gè)親家。今天結(jié)兒女親家就是為了明天你救我一命,至于將來咱們成不成兒女親家,那(是)后話。等到項(xiàng)羽死了,項(xiàng)伯一點(diǎn)價(jià)值也沒有了,劉邦當(dāng)了皇帝了,項(xiàng)伯敢向當(dāng)朝皇帝去提當(dāng)年親家的事嗎?他絕對(duì)不敢,劉邦也再不會(huì)提這個(gè)親家,這個(gè)事就到此為止了。但是當(dāng)時(shí)就跟項(xiàng)伯套近乎,然后他就開始編理由了。
提問:劉邦的說辭取到效果了嗎?
明確:說完之后,項(xiàng)伯說了一句話,說第二天一早你應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)进欓T去給項(xiàng)羽解釋一下。項(xiàng)伯完全相信了劉邦的謊言,完全相信,而且給他出了個(gè)主意:你第二天一早趕快給項(xiàng)羽解釋一下,劉邦馬上就答應(yīng)了。
提問:從項(xiàng)伯回營后的動(dòng)作,我們可以看出什么?
明確:項(xiàng)伯當(dāng)天晚上就回到軍營中,他就把這一番經(jīng)過全部給項(xiàng)羽說了一番,而且說了最關(guān)鍵的這么幾句話,說人家劉邦如果不先入關(guān),不滅了秦,你怎么敢進(jìn)來,人家立了這么大的功,你再去滅了人家,這不仗義。所以我就發(fā)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)伯這個(gè)人漢字只認(rèn)一個(gè)字 “義”,我救張良為了“義”;我同意張良去告訴劉邦,那也是為了“義”;現(xiàn)在說服項(xiàng)羽,人家有大功你再打人家,這叫不仗義,這就把項(xiàng)伯給蒙住了,我們看項(xiàng)羽的反應(yīng),結(jié)果呢,項(xiàng)羽竟然同意了,取消了第二天軍事消滅劉邦集團(tuán)的決定。這一點(diǎn)極其充分地表現(xiàn)了項(xiàng)羽的政治糊涂和政治幼稚,這不是一般的幼稚,政治糊涂。我覺得項(xiàng)羽這個(gè)時(shí)候最少應(yīng)當(dāng)要問一句話,劉邦一旦緩過神來還問了一句話:君安與項(xiàng)伯有故?那么仿照著這句話,項(xiàng)羽至少應(yīng)當(dāng)問一句啊,君安與張良有故?連這句話都沒有問。劉邦問這個(gè)話說明劉邦的政治警覺性非常高,項(xiàng)羽連這個(gè)話都沒有問說明項(xiàng)羽的政治警覺性極差,他就這么輕信了項(xiàng)伯轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)劉邦的話,輕信了劉邦的謊言,撤銷了第二天消滅劉邦集團(tuán)的決定。
再齊讀第二段。
三、布置作業(yè)。
1、歸納本課所學(xué)文言知識(shí)。
第二課時(shí)
一、分析課文。
今天我們大家都知道只要說請(qǐng)你去喝酒,這個(gè)酒不好喝,你就說這個(gè)宴,就是鴻門宴,充滿了兇險(xiǎn)的那種宴會(huì),我們叫鴻門宴。當(dāng)年劉邦是怎么赴宴的呢?
讓學(xué)生齊讀第三段,在預(yù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)上,讓學(xué)生自行梳理文言詞語,教師作重點(diǎn)點(diǎn)評(píng)。
提問:劉邦是怎么向項(xiàng)羽解釋當(dāng)時(shí)的情況,并化解險(xiǎn)情的?他的話可以怎么理解?
明確:劉邦這番話有三個(gè)要害,他第一層說咱們共同抗秦,這段話可以概括兩個(gè)字“敘舊”。項(xiàng)羽的性格中間有一個(gè)最大的弱點(diǎn)“念舊”,用人只用自己的同鄉(xiāng)(八千江東子弟)。劉邦上來就來了一番念舊,這個(gè)話可是用心叵測(cè)。劉邦和項(xiàng)羽的關(guān)系,抗秦的時(shí)候他倆是友軍,秦一亡他倆是敵軍,劉邦光說當(dāng)年咱倆如何如何。項(xiàng)羽本來就不知道他們兩家的關(guān)系隨著歷史的變化有一個(gè)演變,劉邦這個(gè)“敘舊”讓他徹底意識(shí)不到他和劉邦的關(guān)系已經(jīng)發(fā)生了歷史性的轉(zhuǎn)折。這是第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)。第二他說我沒有想到,我能先入關(guān),這個(gè)話是拍項(xiàng)羽的馬屁,劉邦采取貶低自己來抬高對(duì)方。言外之意,在我的心中先入關(guān)能夠滅秦的天下沒有第二個(gè)人,就是你項(xiàng)羽。項(xiàng)羽的自尊就得到很大的滿足了。第三點(diǎn),說有人挑撥離間。這個(gè)話叫“化必然為偶然”,挑撥離間是一個(gè)偶然性的因素。他兩家的矛盾是必然性的矛盾,不是小人挑撥離間、偶然性爆發(fā)的。劉邦把它大事化小了。劉邦的鴻門說辭了不得,先敘舊拉近兩個(gè)人的關(guān)系,再逢迎滿足項(xiàng)羽的自尊,最后化必然為偶然、化大為小、避重就輕?!妒酚洝分虚g寫劉邦說話最常用的是兩個(gè)字,劉邦一說話就是高祖“罵曰”、漢王“罵曰”、沛公“罵曰”。給人的感覺是劉邦張口就罵人。可是現(xiàn)在他一句“罵曰”都沒有,劉邦還有一句口頭禪叫“乃翁”,就是你老子,劉邦從來不說我,他用 “你老子”來代替??墒莿瞵F(xiàn)在對(duì)項(xiàng)羽說了這番話,既沒有“罵曰”又沒有“乃翁”,多么謙恭。這在劉邦一生中間是第一次,也是最后一次,他為的是避開這次打擊,這就是劉邦政治上精明之處。
提問:從項(xiàng)羽的反應(yīng)中我們可以看出什么?
明確:項(xiàng)羽說了一句話:此沛公左司馬曹無傷言之,不然籍何以至此。項(xiàng)羽這時(shí)候不用“我”,用了一個(gè)“籍”,說如果不是你的左司馬曹無傷這么說,我怎么能對(duì)你這個(gè)樣子呢?這一句話斷送了曹無傷的命,這一句話也道盡了項(xiàng)羽的政治上的無知和幼稚。人家是一派謊言,他竟然慚愧得不得了,沒法向自己的老戰(zhàn)友解釋了,他推出曹無傷為自己開脫責(zé)任,這說明項(xiàng)羽已經(jīng)內(nèi)心里非常難受,項(xiàng)羽現(xiàn)在后悔得不得了。到這兒為止項(xiàng)羽算是徹底受騙了,再不認(rèn)為劉邦是他的政治對(duì)手了。此時(shí)的項(xiàng)羽看不出秦亡以后即將出現(xiàn)的楚漢相爭(zhēng)的新局面,更不相信與自己表面和解的劉邦正是自己未來最大的敵人。
提問:鴻門宴的危險(xiǎn)就此化解了嗎?從中我們可以看出項(xiàng)羽的什么性格特征?
明確:沒有。項(xiàng)羽一個(gè)人糊涂并不等于項(xiàng)羽集團(tuán)所有的人都糊涂,范增能放過劉邦嗎?下面范增一連串就做了兩個(gè)小動(dòng)作,第一,舉玦,不斷地舉這個(gè)“玦”向項(xiàng)羽發(fā)信號(hào),這個(gè)“玦”諧音,諧 “決”,決定趕快實(shí)施斬首行動(dòng)。但項(xiàng)羽這個(gè)時(shí)候已經(jīng)覺得很慚愧了,他不可能再殺劉邦了,所以范增是一個(gè)勁地舉“玦”。司馬遷寫項(xiàng)羽寫了六個(gè)字“項(xiàng)王默然不應(yīng)”。范增采取了第二個(gè)行動(dòng),趕快出來召集項(xiàng)莊,這個(gè)人是個(gè)武士,他告誡項(xiàng)莊舞劍的時(shí)候把劉邦給殺了。項(xiàng)羽答應(yīng)項(xiàng)莊舞劍,當(dāng)時(shí)在座的還有五個(gè)人,以劉邦的老道精明,項(xiàng)莊舞劍意在沛公,他一定是心知肚明。張良是整個(gè)這里邊最高明的謀士,張良怎么會(huì)不知道。這里面還有一個(gè)項(xiàng)伯,這個(gè)糊涂蟲這個(gè)時(shí)候也不糊涂了,他一看見項(xiàng)莊舞劍,他也拔出來佩劍,而且常常用他的身子擋住項(xiàng)莊,就讓項(xiàng)莊刺不了劉邦。項(xiàng)羽這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)畛錆M了一種懺悔之情,他要是知道項(xiàng)莊舞劍意在沛公,他能同意項(xiàng)莊舞劍嗎?他同意舞劍的本身就說明在場(chǎng)的六個(gè)人中間就他不知道“意在沛公”。我們說鴻門宴集中表現(xiàn)了項(xiàng)羽的政治幼稚、政治糊涂。
讓學(xué)生齊讀第四段,在預(yù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)上,讓學(xué)生自行梳理文言詞語,教師作重點(diǎn)點(diǎn)評(píng)。
提問:范增的危機(jī)是怎樣被化解的?樊噲起了什么作用?
明確:張良一看情況不對(duì)立即就出來找樊噲,樊噲的妻子和劉邦的妻子是親姐妹,所以樊噲一聽這個(gè)消息,就闖了進(jìn)去,樊噲一闖進(jìn)去, “頭發(fā)上指,目眥盡裂”把項(xiàng)莊舞劍的場(chǎng)面全給攪和了。項(xiàng)羽以為是刺客來了。張良解釋說:這是劉邦的保鏢樊噲。這一說,項(xiàng)羽很贊賞,就讓他喝酒吃肉,這一吃把武將的膽魄表現(xiàn)出來了。樊噲抓住機(jī)會(huì)就慷慨陳詞。樊噲的話,在鴻門宴中間是兩段重要陳辭之一。一個(gè)是劉邦 “鴻門說辭”,再一個(gè)就是樊噲闖進(jìn)來的“樊噲陳辭”。這個(gè)陳辭是拿剛剛滅掉的秦和項(xiàng)羽對(duì)比,如果你要?dú)睿悄阕叩木褪菧缤龅那爻睦下?,這一點(diǎn)對(duì)項(xiàng)羽是有震懾作用的,第二點(diǎn),他又把懷王之約給點(diǎn)出來。劉邦都沒有敢提懷王之約,劉邦要是提懷王之約他怕項(xiàng)羽殺了他,可是樊噲點(diǎn)出來了,意思就是說你項(xiàng)羽實(shí)際上是沒有遵從懷王之約,這就在道義上壓制了項(xiàng)羽,而且這番話又出自一像樊噲這樣一個(gè)武夫之口,所以更有震懾力。樊噲說了這一大番話,實(shí)際上是一派謊言。劉邦說了一派謊言,鬧得項(xiàng)羽感到很對(duì)不起,只好撂出曹無傷,樊噲又重復(fù)了一番謊言,司馬遷就寫了一個(gè)字“坐”,項(xiàng)羽這個(gè)時(shí)候慚愧得竟然答不上人家的話來,就說了一個(gè)“坐”。這個(gè)“坐”把項(xiàng)羽的尷尬,項(xiàng)羽的無知,項(xiàng)羽的幼稚,項(xiàng)羽的糊涂都寫境盡了。
樊噲一闖進(jìn)來,得到機(jī)會(huì)的是劉邦,劉邦一看機(jī)會(huì)來了,馬上“如廁”,“如廁”就是上廁所,借著上廁所立刻招樊噲出來,安排逃營,安排逃走,因?yàn)閯钤俨荒茉谶@兒待了。因?yàn)轫?xiàng)羽不殺他,他也看出來了,那個(gè)范增可不是一個(gè)等閑之輩,一會(huì)兒舉玦,一會(huì)兒舞劍,不知道再待下去有什么結(jié)果,三十六計(jì),走為上計(jì)。在鴻門宴上,項(xiàng)羽不愿殺掉自己親密的戰(zhàn)友,這體現(xiàn)了項(xiàng)羽的情,再加上樊噲點(diǎn)中了項(xiàng)羽的軟肋,項(xiàng)羽更是不忍心殺劉邦,這體現(xiàn)了項(xiàng)羽的義。而此時(shí)的劉邦早已是如坐針氈。
二、布置作業(yè)。
1、歸納本課所學(xué)文言知識(shí)。
第三課時(shí)
一、分析課文。
讓學(xué)生齊讀第五段,在預(yù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)上,讓學(xué)生自行梳理文言詞語,教師作重點(diǎn)點(diǎn)評(píng)。
提問:這段重點(diǎn)講的是什么?
明確:劉邦逃走。
提問:一般人們逃命的時(shí)候總是荒不擇路,劉邦呢?
明確:劉邦細(xì)致的安排了逃離計(jì)劃。他做了三件事:第一,研究逃席,樊噲說:做大事不要拘小節(jié),現(xiàn)在人家是案板和刀,我們是人家案板跟刀中間的雨肉,任人宰割了,還告什么辭啊,這就決定不告辭了。第二,安排善后。兩件事:辭行;獻(xiàn)禮。劉邦選了張良善后,而且還給張良特意交待他說從現(xiàn)在這個(gè)鴻門到我駐軍的霸上四十里地,我抄小路走還有二十里地,你估摸著我這二十里地騎著馬跑回軍營你再去辭行。他怕什么,他怕萬一說得早了,范增派人一追,可以看出劉邦心很細(xì)。第三步,處置隨從。100多個(gè)人全部扔下來不要了,他還帶了四員大將,這四員大將一個(gè)都不準(zhǔn)騎馬,只有劉邦一個(gè)人騎馬。這個(gè)我們應(yīng)當(dāng)做兩層理解,第一,騎馬的人一多,動(dòng)靜肯定很大。還有一層,劉邦的一個(gè)很自私的想法,四員大將沒有馬,萬一追兵來了,四員大將只能轉(zhuǎn)過身來拼死力戰(zhàn),成了劉邦最好的屏障。
提問:張良辭行時(shí),項(xiàng)羽的反映表現(xiàn)出了他的什么性格?和劉邦存在什么差異?
明確:張良進(jìn)去辭行,項(xiàng)羽說了全過程第三次話:沛公安在。劉邦安排逃席的三件事和項(xiàng)羽的一個(gè)“沛公安在”做了一個(gè)對(duì)比,可以看到項(xiàng)羽的糊涂到了何等程度,然后張良說他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回到軍營中了。把這句話特地說出來,范增也沒戲了,項(xiàng)羽還心安理得地把禮給收了,范增氣得拿劍把禮一下子給剁碎了。劉邦回到軍營中間,第一件事立即處死曹無傷。我們通過鴻門宴,可以看得很清楚,劉邦的精明老道,項(xiàng)羽的幼稚糊涂。
二、總結(jié)本課文言知識(shí)。
(1)一、通假字、
1.距─拒:距關(guān),毋內(nèi)諸侯,秦地可盡王也。
2.內(nèi)─納:距關(guān),毋內(nèi)諸侯,秦地可盡王也。
3.要─邀:張良出,要項(xiàng)伯。
4.倍─背:愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也。
5.蚤─早:旦日不可不蚤自來謝項(xiàng)王。
6.郤─隙:今者有小人之言,令將軍與臣有郤
7.坐─座:置之坐上。
8、不——否
(2)成語
秋毫不敢有所近(秋毫無犯) 今者項(xiàng)莊拔劍舞,其意常在沛公也(項(xiàng)莊舞劍,意在沛公) 勞苦而功高如此(勞苦功高) 大行不顧細(xì)謹(jǐn),大禮不辭小讓
如今人方為刀俎,我為魚肉(人為刀俎,我為魚肉)
(3)古今異義
非常 古:意外的變故。 今:程度副詞,很不一般。
(4)一詞多義
1.謝 謝罪、道歉:旦日不可不蚤自來謝項(xiàng)王。
感謝:噲拜謝,起,立而飲之。
辭謝、告別:乃令張良留謝。
2.辭 推辭:臣死且不避,厄酒安足辭!
告別:今者出,未辭也,為之奈何?
3.故 故舊、交情:君安與項(xiàng)伯有故?
因此:故聽之
特意:故遣將守關(guān)者,備他盜出入與非常也。
4.且 將:且為之奈何?
況且:臣死且不避,厄酒安足辭!
5.幸 寵幸、親近:婦女無所幸。
幸虧、幸而:故幸來告良。
6.之 到:項(xiàng)伯乃夜馳之沛公軍。
代詞,這:為之奈何?
取消句子的獨(dú)立性:愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也。
結(jié)構(gòu)助詞,的:今者有小人之言。
助詞,襯字,無義:珍寶盡有之。
7.去 距離:相去四十里。
離去,離開:脫身獨(dú)去。
8.于 向,對(duì):沛公左司馬曹無傷使人言于項(xiàng)羽曰:……
比:長子臣。
在:復(fù)得見將軍子此。
9.因 就此:不如因善遇之。
就、于是:項(xiàng)王即日因留沛公與飲。
趁勢(shì)、趁機(jī):因擊沛公于坐,殺之。
10.為 任,做:使子?jì)霝橄唷?/p>
替,給:旦日饗士卒,為擊破沛公軍!
被:不者,若屬皆且為所虜!
作為:軍中無以為樂。
是:如今人方為刀俎,我為魚肉。
句末語氣詞:何辭為?
(5)詞類活用
1.名詞用如動(dòng)詞:
沛公軍(駐軍,動(dòng)詞)霸上。 沛公左司馬使人言(告訴,動(dòng)詞)于項(xiàng)羽曰:
沛公欲王(為王、稱王,動(dòng)詞)關(guān)中。 不可不語(告訴,動(dòng)詞)。
吾得兄事(做事、侍奉,動(dòng)詞)之。 籍(登記,動(dòng)詞)吏民。
范增數(shù)目(使眼色,動(dòng)詞)項(xiàng)王。 刑(施加肉刑,動(dòng)詞)人如恐不勝。
道(取道,動(dòng)詞)芷陽。
2.形容詞用如動(dòng)詞:
素善(友善、交好,動(dòng)詞)留侯張良。
3.意動(dòng)、使動(dòng):
先破秦入咸陽者王之(以之為王,稱王,意動(dòng))。
項(xiàng)伯殺人,臣活之(使之活,救了他的命,使動(dòng))。
沛公旦日從(使……跟從,意即帶領(lǐng),使動(dòng))百余騎來見項(xiàng)王。
交戟之衛(wèi)士欲止(使之止,制止,使動(dòng))不內(nèi)。
樊噲側(cè)(使……斜側(cè)著)其盾以撞
4.名詞作狀語:
君為我呼入,吾得兄(用對(duì)侍兄長的禮節(jié))事之。
項(xiàng)伯亦拔劍起舞,常以身翼(像鳥用翅膀)蔽沛公。
項(xiàng)伯乃夜(在夜里)馳之沛公軍。
頭發(fā)上(向上)指。
道芷陽間行、間至(抄小路)軍中。
(6)句式變換
1.數(shù)詞作謂語:
舉所佩玉玦以示之者三。
2.賓語前置:客何為者?(何為─ 為何) 大王來何操?(何操─ 操何)
沛公安在?(安在─在安) 籍何以至此?(何以——以何)
3.介詞結(jié)構(gòu)后置:
具告以事 貪于財(cái)貨
4.判斷句:
此天子氣也。 楚左尹項(xiàng)伯者,項(xiàng)羽季父也。
亞父者,范增也。 奪項(xiàng)王天下者,必沛公也。
沛公之參乘樊噲者也。 如今人方為刀俎,我為魚肉,何辭為?
5.省略句:
欲呼張良與(省略“之”)俱去。 毋從(省略“之”)俱死也。
奉厄酒為(省略“之”)壽。 旦日(省略主語“沛公”)不可不蚤自來謝項(xiàng)王。
將軍戰(zhàn)(省略“于”)河北,臣戰(zhàn)(省略“于”)河南。 加彘肩(省略“于其”)上。
秦時(shí)與臣游、項(xiàng)羽兵四十萬、置之坐。
6、被動(dòng)句:
珍寶盡有之(被占有) 若屬皆且為所虜 吾屬今為之虜。
7、固定句式:
奈何:奈,動(dòng)詞。何,疑問代詞。譯為“如何”、“怎樣”。如“為之奈何?”
孰與:與……相比,誰……?表示比較。如“孰與君少長?”
所以:“……的原因”或“……的方法”。如“所以遣將守關(guān)者”“事知所以距子也?!?/p>
為……所:被……,表被動(dòng)。如“若屬皆且為所虜”
無以(無……以……)沒有會(huì)么東西拿來……如“軍中無以為樂”
何……為:表反問。為:用在反問句尾的語氣詞。如“何辭為”
貓人教版教案篇3
教學(xué)內(nèi)容:
教材第60頁例1及第61頁例2。
教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1.通過分草莓的操作活動(dòng),使學(xué)生理解余數(shù)及有余數(shù)除法的含義,并會(huì)用除法算式表示出來,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生觀察、分析、比較的能力。
2、借助用小棒擺正方形的操作,使學(xué)生鞏固有余數(shù)除法的含義,并通過觀察、比較探索余數(shù)和除數(shù)的關(guān)系,理解余數(shù)比除數(shù)小的道理。
3.滲透借助直觀研究問題的意識(shí)和方法,使學(xué)生感受數(shù)學(xué)和生活的密切聯(lián)系。
教學(xué)重點(diǎn):
理解有余數(shù)除法的含義,探索并發(fā)現(xiàn)余數(shù)和除數(shù)的關(guān)系。
教學(xué)難點(diǎn):
理解余數(shù)要比除數(shù)小的道理。
教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備:
任務(wù)卡片、課件、小棒
教學(xué)過程:
一、復(fù)習(xí)舊知,情境導(dǎo)入
1、口算并說出口訣。
18÷2= 30÷6= 49÷7=
2、說出算式里各數(shù)的名稱,算式的讀法和算式的意義
15÷5=3
3、情境導(dǎo)入
(1)同學(xué)們,你們真聰明!還有一些小同學(xué),他們也很聰明,你們看,他們學(xué)得多認(rèn)真??!請(qǐng)你仔細(xì)觀察這張照片,說一說這些同學(xué)在做什么呢?(擺圖形)
(2)用11根小棒擺出下面的圖形,各能擺幾個(gè)?我們也來擺一擺吧!
(3)學(xué)生利用11根小棒拼擺圖形后匯報(bào)結(jié)果。
用11根小棒,每( )根擺成一個(gè)( )形,擺了()個(gè),還剩( )根。
(4)質(zhì)疑:根據(jù)我們剛才擺的圖形,你有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)嗎?
生:擺完圖形后小棒都有剩余。擺的圖形不同,剩余小棒的根數(shù)不相同。
4、揭示課題
你們真是一群愛思考的孩子,是啊,在剛才的操作過程中產(chǎn)生了剩余,恰如我們平常分東西,有時(shí)候正好平均分完,有時(shí)候不能正好分完,剩下的又不夠再分,剩下不夠再分的數(shù),在數(shù)學(xué)中,我們叫它余數(shù),這就是我們今天所要學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容——有余數(shù)的除法。
二、動(dòng)手操作,探求新知
(一)動(dòng)手操作 探究意義。教學(xué)例1
1、.復(fù)習(xí)表內(nèi)除法的意義
出示圖片:有6個(gè)草莓,每2個(gè)擺一盤,怎么擺?
(1)看一看,你知道了什么?收集數(shù)學(xué)信息。
(2)請(qǐng)同學(xué)們拿出6根小棒代表6個(gè)草莓,擺一擺,然后用除法算式表示出來。
學(xué)生動(dòng)手操作,教師巡視指導(dǎo)。
學(xué)生集體交流平均分的過程、結(jié)果及算式。
生:6個(gè)草莓,每2個(gè)一盤,可以擺3盤,列式為
6÷2=3(盤)(板書)
(3)指名說一說這個(gè)算式的意義。
生:6個(gè)草莓,每2個(gè)一盤,擺了3盤。
2、理解有余數(shù)除法的意義
出示:有7個(gè)草莓,每2個(gè)一盤,能擺幾盤,有沒有剩余?
(1)和上一題觀察對(duì)比,你發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?
(2)現(xiàn)在,你還會(huì)擺嗎?互相說一說你是怎么擺的?
動(dòng)手?jǐn)[一擺。
(3)學(xué)生動(dòng)手操作并匯報(bào)操作結(jié)果。
生:7個(gè)草莓,每2個(gè)一盤,可以擺3盤,還剩1個(gè)。
(4)教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考。
師:平均分后有剩余的1個(gè)怎么辦?剩下的不能再平均分,可能用除法算式表示嗎?如果可以怎樣表示呢?請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)谛〗M內(nèi)討論一下。并匯報(bào)
(5)師:7里面最多有3個(gè)2 ,余下的1不夠再分,余下的這個(gè)數(shù),在數(shù)學(xué)上叫余數(shù),用除法算式表示為7÷2=3(盤)……1(個(gè))(板書)怎樣讀呢?
(6)為了分清余數(shù)和商,我們?cè)谏毯陀鄶?shù)中間用6個(gè)小圓點(diǎn)隔開,表示有剩余,我們把這樣的除法叫做有余數(shù)的除法。
(7)引導(dǎo)思考 師:這個(gè)算式中,7、2、3、1各叫什么名稱?分別表示什么呢?
(8)組內(nèi)討論并匯報(bào)
生:7是被除數(shù),表示草莓的總數(shù);2是除數(shù),表示每份數(shù);3是商,表示可以分的份數(shù);1是余數(shù),表示還剩1個(gè),不夠再分。
3、比一比,進(jìn)一步理解有余數(shù)除法的意義。
師:同學(xué)們仔細(xì)觀察這兩個(gè)算式,它們有什么相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)呢?
(1)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察6÷2=3和7÷2=3……1,這兩個(gè)算式,比較它們的異同點(diǎn)。
(2)學(xué)生組內(nèi)討論,集體交流。
生:相同點(diǎn):都是把物體平均分,都用除法計(jì)算。
不同點(diǎn):一個(gè)算式?jīng)]余數(shù),另一個(gè)算式有余數(shù)。
4、確定有余數(shù)的除法中商和余數(shù)的單位名稱。
(1)師:在有余數(shù)的除法算式中,余數(shù)也是要寫單位名稱的,那你知道這個(gè)算式中余數(shù)的單位名稱是什么嗎?生是(個(gè))
師:對(duì),余數(shù)的單位名稱和被除數(shù)的單位名稱是相同的,那你知道為什么它們是相同的嗎?因?yàn)楸怀龜?shù)是被分物體的總數(shù),而余數(shù)是這些物體剩余的部分,所以它們的單位名稱是相同的。
(2)商的單位名稱為什么是“盤”呢?
商是我們求出的結(jié)果,要求的是能擺幾盤,所以單位名稱是“盤”。
(3)小結(jié):總之,有余數(shù)除法要根據(jù)除法的意義來確定單位名稱。商的單位名稱要根據(jù)“求什么”來確定,而余數(shù)的單位名稱要與被除數(shù)相同。
(4)師:剛才我們擺了小棒,你能用除法算式表示所擺圖形的結(jié)果嗎?注意單位名稱的使用。
(二)觀察比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。學(xué)習(xí)例2
師:同學(xué)們真是愛動(dòng)腦的好孩子,不過教師還想考考你們的觀察能力,讓我們來用小棒擺正方形。
1、深入理解有余數(shù)除法的意義
(1)請(qǐng)同學(xué)們分別用8、9、10、11、12根小棒擺幾個(gè)下方形,并根據(jù)擺的情況列出算式。
(2)小組合作:擺圖形,記錄結(jié)果,列出算式。
(3)學(xué)生匯報(bào),教師板書。8÷4=2 ……
(4)如果繼續(xù)擺下去,會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么樣的結(jié)果呢?13根……16根……屏幕出示
2、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生明確有余數(shù)除法中余數(shù)都比除數(shù)小
(1)師:觀察上面所有算式的除數(shù)和余數(shù),你有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)?
(2)說一說自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
生:除數(shù)都是4,余數(shù)有規(guī)律,是1、2、3的順序出現(xiàn)的。
這幾個(gè)余數(shù)都比4小。
再看看前面,我們用小棒擺圖形的算式,你又有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)?
生:除數(shù)不一樣,但是余數(shù)也都比除數(shù)小。
(4)有沒有余數(shù)比除數(shù)大的現(xiàn)象呢?為什么?
不會(huì),剩的多,還可以再擺或再分。
(5)師生共同總結(jié):在有余數(shù)的除法里,余數(shù)一定比除數(shù)小。
(6)用一堆小棒擺 ,如果有余數(shù),可能會(huì)剩幾根小棒?最多剩幾根?最少呢?如果用這些小棒擺三角形呢?
三、動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦,鞏固新知
1、(1)10支鉛筆,每人分2支,可以分給( )人,列式:
(2)10支鉛筆,每人分3支,可以分給( )人,還剩( )支。
說一說這個(gè)算式中,每一部分的名稱
10 ÷ 3 = 3…… 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )這個(gè)算式讀作:( )
2、60頁“做一做”1題
獨(dú)立完成,集體訂正
3、擺一擺、算一算
分別用6、7、8根小棒擺三角形,能擺幾個(gè)三角形?如果有剩余,余下幾根小棒?
6÷3= (個(gè))
7÷3= (個(gè))…… (根)
8÷3= ( )…… (根)
在有余數(shù)的除法算式中,余數(shù)一定比除數(shù)( )
4、判斷,并說說理由。
17÷3=4……5( )
13÷2=6……1( )
18÷3=5……3( )
5、猜一猜,余數(shù)可能是幾
÷6= ……( )
÷8= ……( )
÷9= ……( )
當(dāng)一個(gè)數(shù)除以6,如果有余數(shù),余數(shù)最大是( )
÷( )= ……6如果除數(shù)是6,除數(shù)最小是( )
6、思考:
小花貓和它的13個(gè)小伙伴要到河對(duì)岸參加森林運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。白鵝大哥說:“我的船小中,每次只能坐4個(gè)乘客”
同學(xué)們,你們知道小花貓和它的小伙伴要幾次才能全部渡過河嗎?
四、全課總結(jié)
同學(xué)們,這節(jié)課你有哪些收獲?
附:板書
有余數(shù)的除法
6÷2=3(盤) 8÷4=2
7÷2=3(盤)……1(個(gè)) 9÷4=2……1
余數(shù) 10÷4=2……2
讀作: 11÷4=2……3
7除以2等于3余1 12÷4=3
貓人教版教案篇4
復(fù)習(xí)導(dǎo)引
(一)復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)
1.回顧基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),深化理解掌握。
2.掌握本單元的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。
3.品位賞析文章中的精美語言,領(lǐng)悟課文的深長意味。
4.整體把握課文內(nèi)容,學(xué)習(xí)課文的表達(dá)技巧
(二)復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)
1. 整體把握文章內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí)課文的表達(dá)技巧。
2.品位賞析語言,領(lǐng)悟課文的深長意味。。
(三)復(fù)習(xí)方法
構(gòu)建知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò),梳理剖析主干知識(shí);強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練以實(shí)現(xiàn)理解,,互動(dòng)探究以尋求規(guī)律。
第21課 風(fēng)箏
1.在本單元的5篇課文中,《風(fēng)箏》是意蘊(yùn)最豐富的一篇,應(yīng)該提倡多角度的有創(chuàng)意的閱讀,宜從多種角度加以引導(dǎo),拓展思維空間。
2.訓(xùn)練探究文意的能力。這篇課文的難點(diǎn)較多,正是研究性學(xué)習(xí)的理想教材,要讓學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)時(shí)把不理解的地方劃出來,要鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生質(zhì)疑問難,培養(yǎng)發(fā)問精神。教師教學(xué)用書里提出并解答了的九個(gè)問題,基本上解答了全文的要點(diǎn),可以一次性提出來;同時(shí),在“有關(guān)資料”中精選部分有助于探究課文主題的材料,提供給學(xué)生。讓學(xué)生將問題整理一下,根據(jù)材料和課文,有步驟地研究。
3.課文研讀要以難為樂,又要把握住“度”,不要求一下子理解透徹。在原有基礎(chǔ)上提高一步就是收獲,理解不透徹的地方將來可以慢慢感悟,不必追求講深講透,不必追求面面俱到。
4.感受魯迅的人格、胸懷。
第22課 羚羊木雕
1.可以分角色朗讀。
2.課文從孩子的眼光和心態(tài)看待——場(chǎng)家庭矛盾,敘事角度和敘事語氣與學(xué)生很接近,據(jù)此,教師應(yīng)設(shè)法引起學(xué)生的共鳴??梢蕴釂枺号畠杭热灰呀?jīng)把羚羊木雕送給了萬芳,你認(rèn)為事情怎樣處理才恰當(dāng)?怎樣才能避免這類不愉快的事發(fā)生?
2.這場(chǎng)矛盾沒有一個(gè)完滿的結(jié)局,留下一個(gè)空白,正好可以引發(fā)學(xué)生的思考和討論。比如探討人物語言后的許多刪節(jié)符號(hào)所蘊(yùn)涵的意味:比如指導(dǎo)學(xué)生分組,分別代表矛盾的三方,討論這場(chǎng)矛盾的是非曲直。
3.分析矛盾發(fā)展變化的幾個(gè)層次。
4.抓住人物內(nèi)心變化發(fā)展的線索。
第23課 散步
1.先要求學(xué)生跳讀課文,思考:“文章講述的是什么事?表現(xiàn)哪個(gè)方面的話題?以此來整體把握課文。
2.問題研討:①你喜歡文中哪個(gè)人物?為什么?②散步本來是一件小事。作者卻小題大做、大詞小用,請(qǐng)把這些地方找出來,并說說這樣寫的意圖。⑧對(duì)我們寫作有什么啟示?
3.研討過程中要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生揣摩語言。比如全文中母親僅有兩句話,第一句話“還是走小路吧”,因?yàn)樗恰懊O兒的小腦瓜,變了主意”后說的,有一個(gè)思想轉(zhuǎn)變的過程,所以應(yīng)該讀成拖音“還一一是一一走小路吧”。而第二句“我走不過去的地方,你就背著我?!辈槐卮舐?,應(yīng)讀出母親吩咐兒子時(shí)的坦然。而“我”的那句“走大路”,讀的時(shí)候要表現(xiàn)出斬釘截鐵、沒有商量余地的味道。
詩兩首(《金色花》《紙船》)
1.從揣摩語言入手,抓住其中的情景描寫或重要語句展開討論(見教學(xué)用書): 同時(shí),最好聯(lián)系學(xué)生的生活體驗(yàn),讓學(xué)生想象畫面和情景,幫助學(xué)生感受和理解??梢宰屆總€(gè)學(xué)生都動(dòng)筆畫幾幅詩意圖。
2.在課的最后就本課組織一次朗誦比賽,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生配樂朗誦。
3.了解散文詩的特點(diǎn),了解冰心“小詩”的特點(diǎn)。
4.利用自讀課本,擴(kuò)展閱讀泰戈?duì)栐?、冰心小詩?/p>
第24課 《世說新語》兩則
1.基本教學(xué)模式應(yīng)當(dāng)是“誦讀一討論一—誦讀”。兩次誦讀的要求應(yīng)有所不同,前—次要求和復(fù)述故事結(jié)合起來,達(dá)到基本成誦,并且讀懂,字詞句過關(guān),最好能翻譯;后一次是背誦課文。
2.探究討論的重點(diǎn)可以有:a、用“撒鹽空中”和“柳絮因風(fēng)起”來比擬“大雪紛飛”,你認(rèn)為哪一句更好?為什么?我們能想出一二個(gè)形容飛雪的好比喻詞嗎?b、你如何看待陳元方的為人原則、是非觀?
3.簡(jiǎn)要介紹《世說新語》這部書。
綜合性學(xué)習(xí);我愛我家
1.本次活動(dòng)大多是學(xué)生個(gè)人在家庭中活動(dòng),所以,教師要做好布置和安排。比
如:a、通過適當(dāng)途徑和方式與家長溝通,讓家長對(duì)活動(dòng)心中有數(shù),便于活動(dòng)順利而有效地展開;b、活動(dòng)涉及到對(duì)家長的咨詢、追問或采訪,教師最好和學(xué)生一起討論一個(gè)具體的采訪提綱,設(shè)計(jì)一些具體問題。
2.提前一周布置下去,提出具體要求。在這期間可以抽查學(xué)生的訪談提綱或記錄,以收到督促、監(jiān)控之效。
3.評(píng)價(jià)不可缺少。評(píng)價(jià)的方式可以有:自我評(píng)價(jià)→同桌互評(píng)→小組評(píng)價(jià)→教師批改→講評(píng)作文,還可以通過問卷形式征求家長意見,了解學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中的表現(xiàn),對(duì)表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀的同學(xué)予以表揚(yáng)。評(píng)價(jià)的時(shí)候還需注意定評(píng)價(jià)和定性評(píng)價(jià)相結(jié)合,以定性評(píng)價(jià)為主,以發(fā)展的眼光看問題。
4.課內(nèi)活動(dòng)時(shí)間:寫作2教時(shí),交流1教時(shí)、評(píng)價(jià)1教時(shí)。
關(guān)于課后練習(xí)
1.體現(xiàn)了少而精的原則。就數(shù)量來看,精讀課文三四道題,略讀課文兩三道題, 引導(dǎo)學(xué)生少做練習(xí)多讀書,體現(xiàn)了新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基本精神。
2.練習(xí)分必做題和選做題,供學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下自主選用。
3.兼顧了知識(shí)和能力、過程和方法、情感態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀三個(gè)維度(如《羚羊木雕》—文后的練習(xí),具體分析略)。
4.特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)課文的整體感知和拓展,并嘗試讓學(xué)生開展研究性學(xué)習(xí)。比如《風(fēng)箏》和《散步》后都附錄了用來比較閱讀的短文,通過課內(nèi)外的比較閱讀,對(duì)兄弟間的手足情和母子之間的親情有一個(gè)更深入的體驗(yàn)和思考。
5.十分強(qiáng)調(diào)通過誦讀來理解、體味和感悟課文,有些還特別要求背誦。
6.設(shè)計(jì)了一些開放性、發(fā)散性的題目(略)。
貓人教版教案篇5
教學(xué)目標(biāo):
1、通過觀察、猜測(cè)、實(shí)驗(yàn)、推理等活動(dòng),使學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)圖形的排列規(guī)律,
找規(guī)律教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
2、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察、操作及歸納推理的能力,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)。
3、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)和欣賞數(shù)學(xué)美的意識(shí),使學(xué)生知道生活中事物有規(guī)律的排列隱含著數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)。體驗(yàn)數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用于生活的樂趣。
教學(xué)重、難點(diǎn):
通過操作、觀察、猜測(cè)等活動(dòng)去發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,找出有新意的排列規(guī)律。
教具、學(xué)具準(zhǔn)備:多媒體課件、實(shí)物投影、正方形、三角形、圓形、小動(dòng)物等學(xué)具卡片,水彩筆。
教學(xué)過程:
一、創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,激發(fā)興趣。
1、談話:同學(xué)們,數(shù)學(xué)王國的小精靈--明明,剛剛搬了新家,心里可高興了。今天邀請(qǐng)我們?nèi)⒂^他的新家呢,你們想去嗎?(課件展示主題圖)
2、看,這就是明明的新家。你們覺得漂亮嗎?給你印象最深的是什么呢?(墻面、地面的圖案,都是有規(guī)律的。)
3、揭示課題:是?。⌒【`明明設(shè)計(jì)的房間,最大的特點(diǎn)就是很有數(shù)學(xué)的味道。在一年級(jí)下學(xué)期,我們學(xué)會(huì)了找比較簡(jiǎn)單的排列規(guī)律,這節(jié)課,我們繼續(xù)研究“找規(guī)律”(板書課題)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]:創(chuàng)設(shè)學(xué)生感興趣的數(shù)學(xué)情境,讓學(xué)生感覺比較自然、親切。學(xué)生在參觀欣賞的同時(shí),很自然的進(jìn)入了觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)階段,體現(xiàn)了數(shù)學(xué)內(nèi)容的生活化,學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的是身邊的數(shù)學(xué),既形象又具體。
二、尋找規(guī)律,探索新知。
(一)構(gòu)建新知,探索交流。
1、談話:那么,如果用數(shù)學(xué)的眼光觀察這些漂亮的設(shè)計(jì),你有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)呢?
2、小組合作探索,自主交流。我們先來觀察墻面的圖案,說一說你發(fā)現(xiàn)的規(guī)律。在小組活動(dòng)中,可以用四種圖案移一移、擺一擺,找出上下兩組圖案的按一定順序呈循環(huán)排列的規(guī)律。(教師參與學(xué)生的合作交流)
3、全班匯報(bào)。(引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說出觀察的順序。)
4、請(qǐng)學(xué)生說一說圖案的規(guī)律。
(1)斜著看:顏色和圖形一樣,只是數(shù)量有變化。
(2)橫著看:第一橫行第一個(gè)顏色和圖形移到第二橫行第四個(gè)其它依次往前推。第二、三、四橫行照樣。(板書:順序,前后)
(3)豎著看:第一豎行第一個(gè)顏色和圖形移到第二豎行第四個(gè)其它依次往上推。第二、三、四豎行照樣。(上、下)
(4)整體看:第一橫行和第一豎行的顏色和圖形都一樣,而且順序也一樣。其它橫(豎)行顏色和圖形都一樣,只是順序有所改變。
5、全班交流時(shí),請(qǐng)同學(xué)上來移一移圖案,展示它動(dòng)態(tài)的規(guī)律。(課件顯示:圖案動(dòng)態(tài)的循環(huán)規(guī)律。)
教師小結(jié):不同的觀察角度,有不同的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]:教師創(chuàng)造性的使用教材。充分利用教材提供的資源組織教學(xué),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從不同的觀察角度發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的排列規(guī)律。這樣就完成了前后、上下四種基本的順序,循環(huán)排列規(guī)律的教學(xué)。同時(shí),教師及時(shí)有效的評(píng)價(jià),激發(fā)學(xué)生自覺參與學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的積極性,使知識(shí)的發(fā)現(xiàn)過程融于豐富、有趣的活動(dòng)之中,激發(fā)學(xué)生的探索意識(shí)。培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的觀察、操作及歸納推理的能力。
(二)找出規(guī)律、拓展思維。
1、師:你們看,這是明明家的地板,里面隱藏著一些什么規(guī)律呢?你能找出來嗎?
2、請(qǐng)你仔細(xì)觀察,同桌互相說一說其中的規(guī)律。
3、全班交流,同時(shí)操作課件展示。
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]:在這一活動(dòng)中,既培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維,又再次發(fā)散了學(xué)生的思維。
三、知識(shí)應(yīng)用,體驗(yàn)成功。
(一)分層練習(xí),鞏固新知。
1、師:同學(xué)們,我們?cè)賮韰⒂^明明家的窗簾,還沒設(shè)計(jì)好呢!你們能用自己的所學(xué)幫它完成嗎?(課件出示三行小動(dòng)物排列的圖片,
教案
?找規(guī)律教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)》()。)
2、說一說它的排列規(guī)律,并繼續(xù)排下去。窗簾會(huì)是什么樣呢?(課件繼續(xù)展示,窗簾全景。)
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]:在鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)的同時(shí),讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)到學(xué)會(huì)數(shù)學(xué)的樂趣。欣賞窗簾設(shè)計(jì)--逆時(shí)針的排列規(guī)律,作為練習(xí)出現(xiàn),即分散了教學(xué)難點(diǎn),又吸引了學(xué)生的注意力,拓寬了思維容量,增強(qiáng)了課堂實(shí)效性。
(二)、.擺水果圖。
過渡:好客的明明很高興大家來參觀他的房子,所以為我們準(zhǔn)備了很多好吃的水果,看看都有些什么?
可是,他只擺了三組,你能根據(jù)規(guī)律擺出第四組水果圖嗎?
(
四、欣賞有規(guī)律的圖片
師:在生活中還有很多的規(guī)律,你能找出來嗎?誰來說說。
(衣服的花紋,地板上的瓷磚,窗簾、斑馬線、交通紅綠燈…也是有規(guī)律的。)
師:老師也搜集了一些優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計(jì)師的作品,請(qǐng)欣賞。課件顯示:自然界的規(guī)律(春、夏、秋、冬),古文物上的規(guī)律,小數(shù)民族服飾上的規(guī)律等。
這些作品美嗎?只要我們用心去做,相信你們也一定會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)出更有特色的作品。五、實(shí)踐操作,體驗(yàn)快樂。
1、通過練習(xí),可以看出,同學(xué)們已經(jīng)掌握了這節(jié)課所學(xué)的知識(shí)。在實(shí)際生活中,我想請(qǐng)你們也當(dāng)一回設(shè)計(jì)師,設(shè)計(jì)一塊手帕的有規(guī)律的漂亮的圖案。喜歡嗎?活動(dòng)要求:
a、請(qǐng)你們小組合作先規(guī)劃出設(shè)計(jì)方案,再用貼或畫的方式合作完成。b、設(shè)計(jì)的圖案一定要有規(guī)律。
2、小組合作設(shè)計(jì)。(課件:播放音樂。)
3、展示學(xué)生作品。說一說其中的規(guī)律。比一比哪小組設(shè)計(jì)的圖案最有規(guī)律、最漂亮、美觀。
同學(xué)們,你對(duì)自己的作品表現(xiàn)滿意嗎?是啊!能把學(xué)到的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)際生活中去,是最快樂的事情。
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]:這個(gè)活動(dòng)既激發(fā)了學(xué)生的興趣,又鞏固了新知,同時(shí)培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的動(dòng)手能力。面對(duì)自己設(shè)計(jì)的作品,學(xué)生有一種成就感,充分到體驗(yàn)成功的快樂。培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識(shí),體現(xiàn)了“玩中學(xué)”“數(shù)學(xué)源于生活,又用于生活”的教育理念。
六、總結(jié)
1.今天這節(jié)課你有什么收獲?
2.教師結(jié)語:其實(shí)在我們生活中有許多有規(guī)律的事物在美化著我們的生活,我們要用自己的智慧去發(fā)現(xiàn)它,運(yùn)用它,將來把我們的環(huán)境打扮得更美麗!